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Resumen Introducción: La bronquiolitis obliterante postinfecciosa es una enfermedad pulmonar poco frecuente; existen limitados reportes en Sudamérica. Caso clínico: En esta serie se reportan 10 pacientes con esta enfermedad diagnosticados en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño-Breña (Lima-Perú). La mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue de 19 meses. Todos los pacientes presentaron el antecedente de infección respiratoria aguda grave. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron tos, dificultad respiratoria, sibilancias e hipoxemia; el patrón de atenuación en mosaico fue la característica más frecuente en la tomografía. Todos tenían serología positiva para adenovirus. Se administró tratamiento con pulsos de metilprednisolona, azitromicina, hidroxicloroquina y corticoides inhalados. Ningún paciente falleció durante el seguimiento. Conclusiones: En los niños previamente sanos con antecedente de infección respiratoria aguda grave y sintomatología obstructivo bronquial persistente se debe considerar el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis obliterante postinfecciosa. Este es el primer reporte en Perú con un régimen terapéutico adaptado a nuestra institución.
Abstract Background: Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans is a rare lung disease; there are limited reports in South America. Case report: We report 10 patients with this disease diagnosed at the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño-Breña (Lima-Peru). The median age at diagnosis was 19 months and all patients had a history of severe acute respiratory infection. The most frequent symptoms were cough, respiratory distress, wheezing, and hypoxemia. The mosaic attenuation pattern was the most frequent on the tomography. All the patients had positive serology for adenovirus. The treatment received was methylprednisolone pulses, azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, and inhaled corticosteroids. No patient died during the follow-up. Conclusions: In previously healthy children with a history of severe acute respiratory infection and persistent bronchial obstructive symptoms, the diagnosis of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans should be considered. This is the first report in Peru with a therapeutic regimen adapted to our institution.
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Introducción: Durante el año 2022 se objetivó un aumento de casos de hepatitis de origen desconocido en la población pediátrica. Su etiología a día de hoy todavía no ha sido esclarecida. Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar la clínica y los resultados de los análisis de laboratorio de los pacientes con hepatitis atendidos en el Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel durante el año 2022. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de 10 pacientes pediátricos con criterios de hepatitis aguda de origen desconocido atendidos en nuestro centro durante el año 2022. Se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de las principales variables clínicas, analíticas, demográficas, vacunales y serológicas. Resultados: Se encontraron 10 pacientes, con una media de edad de 2,8 años. La clínica predominante ha sido la de ictericia, fiebre y clínica gastrointestinal. Analíticamente se ha detectado un aumento de los niveles de transaminasas así como de bilirrubina. Tan sólo un paciente contaba con historia de vacunación para el SARS-CoV-2. El principal agente etiológico identificado ha sido el adenovirus, encontrándose en el 40% de los casos. Conclusiones: Los pediatras deben tener en cuenta el diagnóstico de hepatitis aguda de origen desconocido en pacientes con clínica de ictericia y fiebre, pudiendo asociar vómitos, diarrea, hepatomegalia, dolor abdominal y coluria, entre otros. La elevación de transaminasas (>500 U/L de AST o ALT) y bilirrubina debe aumentar el índice de sospecha. A pesar de que el principal agente etiológico parece guardar relación con el adenovirus, son necesarios más estudios para confirmar dicha hipótesis. (provisto por Infomedic International)
Introduction: During the year 2022 an increase in cases of hepatitis of unknown origin was observed in the pediatric population. Its etiology has not yet been clarified. This study aims to present the clinical and laboratory results of patients with hepatitis treated at the Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel during the year 2022. Material and methods: Descriptive study of 10 pediatric patients with criteria of acute hepatitis of unknown origin seen in our center during the year 2022. An analysis of the main clinical, analytical, demographic, vaccination and serological variables was carried out. Results: The final sample consisted of 10 patients, with a mean age of 2.8 years. The predominant clinical manifestations were jaundice, fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Laboratory tests showed increased levels of transaminases and bilirubin. Only one patient had a history of vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. The main etiological agent identified was adenovirus, found in 40% of the patients studied. Conclusions: Pediatricians should consider the diagnosis of acute hepatitis of unknown origin in patients with jaundice and fever, which may be associated with vomiting, diarrhea, hepatomegaly, abdominal pain and choluria, among others. Elevated transaminases (>500 U/L of AST or ALT) and bilirubin should increase the index of suspicion. Although the main etiological agent to date seems to be related to adenovirus, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. (provided by Infomedic International)
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Introducción: en México, las hepatitis virales son de notificación epidemiológica obligatoria, pero no existe un sistema especial de vigilancia. La información disponible se limita a la distribución por edad y sexo. Ante la alerta de casos de hepatitis aguda grave de etiología desconocida, en la Unión Europea el Consejo Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (CONAVE) alertó al Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) para la atención y vigilancia de estos casos. Desarrollo: la hipótesis más convincente sobre la etiología está relacionada con una respuesta inmunitaria exacerbada que es mediada por superantígenos relacionados con la proteína espiga del SARS-CoV-2, activados por una infección por adenovirus que desencadena una respuesta de linfocitos T que provoca apoptosis de hepatocitos. Con base en la presentación clínica (niños menores de 16 años, con diarrea, dolor abdominal, ictericia, vómito e hipertransaminasemia) se han diseñado definiciones operacionales para su identificación y notificación al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (SINAVE). Hasta junio del 2022, se han identificado 56 casos en México. Conclusiones: este brote de hepatitis representa un reto para el SINAVE. Es necesario incluir la identificación de adenovirus en el algoritmo diagnóstico de enfermedad respiratoria viral, implementar un sistema especial de vigilancia epidemiológica de hepatitis virales y sensibilizar a los profesionales sanitarios en el tema.
Introduction: In Mexico viral hepatitis requires mandatory epidemiological notification, but there is no special surveillance system. Available information is limited to distribution of cases by age and sex. Given the alert of cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in the European Union, the National Council for Epidemiological Surveillance (Consejo Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica) alerted the entire National Health System to care for and monitor these cases in Mexico. Development: The most convincing hypothesis is an exacerbated immune response mediated by superantigens related to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, activated by adenovirus infection that ends in a response of T lymphocytes that causes apoptosis of hepatocytes. Based on clinical presentation (children under 16 years of age, with diarrhoea, abdominal pain, jaundice, vomiting and increase in transaminases) the operational case definitions have been designed for their timely identification and notification to the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance (Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica). Until June 2022, 56 cases have been identified in Mexico. Conclusions: This hepatitis outbreak represents a challenge for the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance. It is necessary to include the identification of adenovirus in the diagnostic algorithm for viral respiratory disease, to implement a special epidemiological surveillance system for viral hepatitis, and to sensitize health professionals on this subject.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hepatitis C/etiology , Hepatitis A/etiology , Hepatitis B/etiology , MexicoABSTRACT
Acute hepatitis of unknown origin in children has been recently described in the literature, and a case definition has also been proposed for this condition. The exact etiology is unknown and exclusion of infectious, metabolic, autoimmune and toxin mediated injuries is essential. Management for this condition is supportive, but some may require liver transplantation. Infection prevention and control practices are important as the etiology remains unidentified.
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Objective:To understand the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and associated risk factors of severe adenovirus(ADV)pneumonia in children, providing the basis for targeted prevention and treatment.Methods:Clinical features of children with ADV pneumonia at Children′s Hospital of Soochow University from January 2011 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the severity of the disease, cases were divided into severe ADV pneumonia group and common ADV pneumonia group.The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of two groups were compared, and risk factors for the occurrence of severe ADV pneumonia were analyzed.Results:A total of 1 158 patients with ADV pneumonia were enrolled, including severe ADV pneumonia 104 cases(8.98%) and ordinary ADV pneumonia 1 054 cases(91.02%).The median age of severe ADV pneumonia group was 1.17 (0.83, 2.73) years, which was significantly younger than that of common ADV pneumonia group 3.16 (1.50, 4.50) years( P<0.05), and 77.89% (81/104) of them were younger than 3 years old.The occurrence of severe ADV pneumonia was predominant in winter and spring, accounting for 71.15% (74/104).Cough was present in 89.42% (93/104) and fever in 99.01% (103/104) of the severe ADV pneumonia group.Compared with the common ADV pneumonia group, the severe ADV pneumonia group had a significantly longer febrile time[10(6, 14)d vs. 5(4, 7)d, P<0.05], significantly higher incidence of shortness of breath, wheezing, convulsions/coma[100% vs. 2.09%, 45.19% vs. 13.57%, 10.57% vs. 1.99%, P<0.05], and significantly higher incidences of emphysema, pleural effusion, bronchial signs, pulmonary solids, and atelectasis [21.15% vs. 2.09%, 5.77% vs. 0.19%, 4.81% vs. 0, 3.85% vs. 0.09%, P<0.05].Multivariable Logistic regression showed that age younger than 1.71 years old, wheezing, and the presence of underlying diseases (moderate to severe anaemia, congenital heart disease, neurological disease) were risk factors for the development of severe ADV pneumonia ( P<0.05).Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of age<1.71 years old(20 months old) for predicting the occurrence of severe ADV pneumonia were 65.4% and 71.5%, respectively. Conclusion:The age of most severe ADV pneumonia is less 3 years in Suzhou.It usually occurres in winter and spring, with fever, cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing as the main symptoms.Pulmonary manifestations such as pleural effusion, emphysema, pulmonary consolidation, and atelectasis may occur.The underlying disease, wheezing, and age of onset less than 1.71 years (20 months) old are independent risk factors for severe ADV pneumonia.
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Mitophagy is one of the important targets for the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Moderate mitophagy can remove damaged mitochondria, inhibit excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation, and protect mitochondria from damage. However, excessive enhancement of mitophagy greatly reduces adenosine triphosphate production and energy supply for cell survival, and aggravates cell death. How dysfunctional mitochondria are selectively recognized and engulfed is related to the interaction of adaptors on the mitochondrial membrane, which mainly include phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)-induced kinase 1/Parkin, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α/Bcl-2 and adenovirus e1b19k Da interacting protein 3, FUN-14 domain containing protein 1 receptor-mediated mitophagy pathway and so on. In this review, the authors briefly summarize the main pathways currently studied on mitophagy and the relationship between mitophagy and MIRI, and incorporate and analyze research data on prevention and treatment of MIRI with Chinese medicine, thereby provide relevant theoretical basis and treatment ideas for clinical prevention of MIRI.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mitochondria/metabolism , Mitophagy/genetics , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury , Protein Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of adenovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methods: A total of 26 patients with adenovirus infection admitted to the posttransplant ward of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from 2018 to 2022 were enrolled. Their data on baseline and clinical characteristics, treatment, and follow-up were analyzed. Results: The median patient age was 30 (22, 44) years. Twenty-two patients received related haploid stem cell transplantation, three received unrelated stem cell transplantation, and one received umbilical cord stem cell transplantation. Antithymocyte globulin was included in the conditioning regimen in 25 patients. The median time of adenovirus infection was +95 (+44, +152) days. The median peripheral blood lymphocyte count was 0.30 (0.11, 0.69) × 10(9)/L. Twelve patients had acute graft-versus-host disease. Twenty-four patients received antirejection therapies at diagnosis. Sixteen cases had combined infection with other pathogens with adenovirus infection. Eight cases were diagnosed as asymptomatic infection, and 18 were diagnosed as adenovirus disease, including pneumonia (38.89% ) , gastrointestinal disease (38.89% ) , encephalitis (33.33% ) , hepatitis (5.56% ) , and urinary tract inflammation (5.56% ) . The age of >30 years was a risk factor for adenovirus disease (P=0.03) . Eighteen patients received tapering of immunosuppression, and all 26 patients received at least one antiviral drug. Other treatments included high-dose gamma globulin and donor lymphocyte infusion. Adenovirus infection improved in 10 cases and progressed in 16 cases. The median follow-up time was 30 (7, 237) days. Twenty-two patients died. The all-cause mortality rate was (88.5±7.1) % , and the attributable mortality rate was 45.5% . There was no significant difference in the 100 d survival rate between asymptomatic infected patients and patients diagnosed with adenovirus disease (37.5% vs 22.2% , HR=1.83, 95% CI 0.66-5.04, P=0.24) . Conclusion: The age of >30 years was a risk factor for adenovirus disease. Mortality was high in patients with adenovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects , Graft vs Host Disease/etiology , Antilymphocyte Serum/therapeutic use , Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects , Adenoviridae Infections/therapy , Transplantation Conditioning/adverse effects , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
La infección previa por el adenovirus-36 (Ad-36) se ha asociado con el proceso adipogénico y el control glicémico en modelos experimentales de cultivos celulares y animales. En humanos, la presencia de anticuerpos contra Ad-36 ha mostrado aumentar el riesgo de obesidad y, paradójicamente, mejorar el control glicémico en diferentes poblaciones. Se evaluó la influencia de la seropositividad contra Ad-36 sobre riesgo de obesidad, el perfil lipídico y glicémico en una población de niños en edad escolar. Métodos: Doscientos ocho individuos de entre 9 y 13 años se agruparon según estado nutricional como normopeso (IMC z-score de -1 a +1), con sobrepeso (IMC z-score de +1 a +2) y con obesidad (IMC z-score > +3). Se evaluaron medidas antropométricas, desarrollo puberal según Tanner y parámetros bioquímicos (perfil lipídico, glucemia e insulina) y la seropositividad contra Ad-36. Se determinó la resistencia a la insulina (RI) según criterio para la población infantil chilena. La seropositividad contra Ad-36 se determinó mediante ELISA. Resultados: Hubo una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad en la población de estudio. La seropositividad contra Ad-36 fue del 5,4% en el grupo total, pero no se observó una asociación con el estado nutricional. No se encontró correlación entre la seropositividad contra Ad-36 y los parámetros del perfil lipídico. La insulina y la HOMA-RI fueron significativamente más bajas en el grupo Ad-36 (+) (p<0,001), no habiendo sido reportados casos de RI en el grupo Ad-36 (+) en nuestra población. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que la infección previa por el adenovirus-36 afecta la secreción de insulina y la resistencia a la insulina, como se ha descrito anteriormente, sin embargo, no se observa correlación con el desarrollo de la obesidad infantil en la población pediátrica del sur de Chile.
Previous infection with Adenovirus-36 (Ad-36) has been associated with adipogenic process and glycemic control in experimental models of cell culture and animals. In humans, the presence of antibodies against Ad-36 has been shown to increase the risk of obesity and, paradoxically, improve glycemic control in different populations. The influence of Ad-36 seropositivity on obesity risk, lipid and glycemic profile was evaluated in a population of school-age children. Methods: Two hundred eight individuals aged 9 to 13 years were grouped according to their nutritional status as normal weight (BMI z-score from -1 to +1), overweight (BMI z-score from +1 to +2) or obese (BMI z-score from -1 to +1). z-score > +3). Anthropometric measurements, pubertal development according to Tanner stage, biochemical parameters (lipid profile, glycemia and insulin) and seropositivity against Ad-36 were evaluated. Insulin resistance (IR) was determined according to criteria for the Chilean child population. Seropositivity against Ad-36 was determined by ELISA. Results: There was a high prevalence of overweight/obesity in the study population. Seropositivity against Ad-36 was 5.4% in the total group, but no association with nutritional status was observed. No correlation was found between Ad-36 seropositivity and lipid profile parameters. Insulin and HOMA-RI were significantly lower in the Ad-36 (+) group (p<0.001), and no cases of RI were reported in the Ad-36 (+) group in our population. Conclusions: Our results suggest that previous adenovirus-36 infection affects insulin secretion and insulin resistance, as previously described, however, no correlation is observed with the development of childhood obesity in the pediatric population. from southern Chile.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adenoviridae/isolation & purification , Adenoviridae Infections/complications , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Pediatric Obesity/virology , Blood Glucose/analysis , Insulin Resistance , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Chile , Anthropometry , Nutritional Status , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Assessment , Overweight/epidemiology , Overweight/virology , Lipids/analysisABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: The objectives of this study were to describe the first pediatric case of cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) triggered by human adenovirus and review the literature. Case description: This case report involves a previously healthy, 2½-year-old female child with human adenovirus isolated in a nasal swab. At 72 h after admission, the patient progressed to a severe episode of anemia (hemoglobin level: 2.6 g/dL). The laboratory findings were consistent with CAS. The patient received blood transfusion, vitamin supplementation, adequate hydration, and thermal protection. At her last follow-up, 1 year after her initial presentation, she remains clinically well without signs of hemolysis. Comments: While severe CAS is extremely uncommon in the pediatric emergency department, human adenovirus infection is a common illness in pediatrics. Recently, the adenovirus has been associated with new complications (acute hepatitis and fulminant liver failure). Pediatric physicians and hematologists should be aware of unusual evolution, signs, and symptoms of this infection that warrant more urgent medical attention. In this case, the hematologic complication suspicion was the key to early diagnosis and adequate management.
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o primeiro caso pediátrico de síndrome da crioaglutinina desencadeado por adenovírus humano e revisar a literatura. Descrição do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, dois anos e seis meses, previamente hígida e diagnosticada com adenovírus humano isolado em swab nasal. Após 72 horas da admissão, a paciente evoluiu com quadro de anemia grave (hemoglobina de 2,6 g/dL). Os achados laboratoriais foram compatíveis com síndrome da crioaglutinina. A paciente recebeu transfusão de concentrado de hemácias, suplementação vitamínica, hidratação adequada e proteção térmica. Em seu último retorno ambulatorial, um ano após a apresentação inicial, permanecia clinicamente bem, sem sinais de hemólise. Comentários: Enquanto a síndrome da crioaglutinina grave é extremamente incomum na emergência pediátrica, a infecção por adenovírus humano é um quadro comum na infância. Recentemente, o adenovírus tem sido associado a novas complicações, e pediatras e hematologistas devem ficar atentos à possibilidade de uma evolução incomum dessa infecção e dos sinais e sintomas que possam necessitar de atenção urgente. No caso apresentado, a suspeita da complicação hematológica foi a chave para o diagnóstico precoce e seu manejo adequado.
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Preventing the replication of adenovirus could have practical uses, such as controlling infection with wild-type virus or in applications involving recombinant vectors. Mainly transient methods have been used to inhibit adenovirus replication, including siRNA or drugs. Here, we tested whether stable expression of shRNA designed to target hexon, Iva2, or pol can inhibit the replication of a recombinant adenoviral vector, Ad-LacZ (serotype 5, E1/E3 deleted), in 293T cells. Significant knockdown correlating with reduced Ad-LacZ replication was achieved only when hexon was targeted. Cell sorting and isolation of cellular clones further accentuated knockdown of the hexon transcript, reduced protein levels by more than 90%, and diminished adenovirus production. As visualized by transmission electron microscopy, the cellular clone expressing the hexon-specific shRNA yielded 89.2% fewer particles compared to the parental 293T cells. Full scale production followed by purification revealed a 90.2% reduction in Ad-LacZ biological titer. These results support the notion that stable expression of shRNA can be used as a means to control adenovirus replication.
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@#There are more than 70 species of flaviviruses, including Zika virus, Dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, and more than 33 species are known to be capable of infecting humans. Only three flavivirus vaccines have been approved, and there is a lack of safe and effective vaccines for most flaviviruses. Adenovirus-vectored vaccines have high safety, low cost, and convenience to store and transport. Currently, two adenovirus-vectored Zika vaccines are under early clinical trials, and adenovirus-vectored vaccines for Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus and yellow fever virus are still in the phase of animal experiment. In the development of adenovirus-vectored flavivirus vaccines, there are still problems of pre-existing immunity to adenovirus, the insufficient immunogenicity of adenovirus vectors and the antibody-dependent enhancement effects among flavivirus. Based on relevant publications from January 2006 to June 2023, this article reviews the current status, challenges and solutions of the research into adenovirus-vectored flavivirus vaccines, so as to provide the reference for the development of relevant vaccines.
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Objective To investigate the shedding of CAV2-ΔE3-CGS after immunization and the background of canine adenovirus (CAV) infection, and to establish a dual fluorescent quantitative PCR detection method for rabies virus (RV) and canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2). Methods A dual fluorescent quantitative PCR detection method was established by designing specific primers and probes for E1 gene of CAV and G gene of RV for the detection of CAV2-ΔE3-CGS. Oral swabs, anal swabs and environmental samples of stray dogs from experimental animal farm and dog detention center were tested. Results The standard curves generated by this method were Y=-3.351 × logX + 44.895, R2 = .999 and Y=-3.413 × logX + 45.192, R2=0.996, respectively. The linear relationships were good, and the minimum detection limits were both 102 copies/μL. CAV2-ΔE3-CGS was not detected in experimental animal farm. CAV was detected in dog detention center, and the positive rates were 5.88% (5/85) in oral swabs, 8.24% (7/85) in anal swabs, and 4% (1/25) in environmental samples. Conclusion The dual fluorescent quantitative PCR method can be used for the detection of CAV2-ΔE3-CGS after immunization and the investigation of CAV infection. The present study has shown that no CAV2-ΔE3-CGS has been detected after immunization and CAV infection rate of stay dogs is low in Shanghai. CAV2-ΔE3-CGS oral immunization meets requirement and is applicable.
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ObjectiveTo determine the genomic characteristics of a subgenus B human adenovirus strain isolated in Shanghai in 2021. MethodsAn adenovirus type 55 strain was isolated and identified from a patient with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis （AHC）. Complete genome of the strain was obtained using the next-generation sequencing （NGS）. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on the sequences of Hexon， Fiber， Penton and complete genome to genomically characterize this strain. ResultsPhylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome classified this strain （MH2021001） into subgenus B， subspecies B2 of HAdV-55. Hexon gene of MH2021001 had close phylogenetic relationship with HAdV-11， while Fiber and Penton genes had close relationship with HAdV-14. The MH2021001 showed high nucleotide identity with currently prevalent HAdV⁃55 strains （>99.90%）. The complete genome had 99.96% nucleotide identity to the 73-GD_CHN_2016 strain isolated in Guangdong. In addition， the amino acid sequence of MH2021001 had several substitutions in regions coding for E1B， L4， E3 and L5. ConclusionThis strain has been classified to HAdV-B55. No recombination event is identified in the complete genome. Due to multiple amino acid substitutions， the biological characteristics of the strain need to be further identified.
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Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of viral diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into management of viral diarrhea.@*Methods@#The surveillance data on viral diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in Shaoxing City from 2019 to 2022 were collected, including demographics and stool testing results. The epidemiological and etiological characteristics of viral diarrhea were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method. @*Results@#A total of 763 diarrheal children under 5 years of age were reported in Shaoxing City from 2019 to 2022, and 236 children were tested positive for virus (30.93%). The detection of virus was 49.01%, 31.61%, 20.43% and 21.89% from 2019 to 2022, which appeared an overall tendency towards a decline (P<0.05). The incidence of viral diarrhea peaked from November to March of the next year and from May to July, and the detection of virus was lower among children with diarrhea living in urban areas (Yuecheng District, Keqiao District and Shangyu District) than among those in suburb areas (Zhuji City, Shengzhou City and Xinchang County) (30.22% vs. 52.00%, P<0.05). There were 206 children tested positive for a single virus, and the detection rates of rotavirus (RV), enteric adenovirus (EAdV), norovirus (NoV), and sapovirus (SaV) were 9.57%, 8.91%, 8.39%, and 0.13%, respectively. There were 25 children with virus co-infections, and the positive rates of EAdV and NoV, RV and EAdV and RV and NoV co-infections were 1.31%, 1.18% and 0.79%, respectively. There were 5 children with triple infections of RV, EAdV and NoV (0.66%). The highest detection of EAdV was seen in April, the highest detection of RV and NoV was seen in January, while SaV was only detected in April. @*Conclusion@#The incidence of viral diarrhea among children under 5 years of age peaked in winter and spring in Shaoxing City from 2019 to 2022, and the cases predominantly occurred in urban areas. The detection of virus appeared an overall tendency towards a decline, with high detection of RV, EAdV and NoV.
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@#ObjectiveTo construct and identify a recombinant adenovirus expressing S protein receptor binding domain(RBD)and N protein of severe acute respiratory symptom coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)Delta variant.MethodsThe RBD and N gene fragments of SARS-CoV-2 were cloned into pcDNA3.0BA vector respectively to construct recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.0BA-RBD-N. The RBD-CMV-N fragment was amplified by PCR and inserted into shuttle vector pShuttle-CMV. The shuttle plasmid pShuttle-RBD-N was then homologously recombined with pAdeasy-1 to obtain recombinant plasmid pAdeasy-1-RBD-N,which was transfected into HEK293 cells for recombinant adenovirus Ad-RBD-N packaging. The transcription of RBD and N genes of recombinant adenovirus in HEK293 cells was detected by RT-PCR,while the expre-ssion of RBD and N proteins by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. 12 female BALB/c mice were immunized with Ad-RBD-N by intramuscular injection at a dose of 5 × 109copies per mouse. Blood samples were collected 14 d after immunization,and the serum antibody titers were measured by ELISA.ResultsThe RBD and N genes of recombinant adenovirus were transcribed normally in HEK293 cells,and the RBD and N proteins were expressed normally in MA104 cells. Mice immunized with the recombinant adenovirus produced specific IgG antibodies against RBD and N proteins.ConclusionThe recombinant adenovirus expressing S protein RBD and N protein of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was succe-ssfully constructed,which laid a foundation of the follow-up research on Delta variant vaccines.
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There are many serotypes of human adenovirus (HAdV), and different serotypes can cause infections in different systems of the human body, one example being community acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, the clinical symptoms of HAdV infections are similar to those caused by other pathogens. To detect and serotype adenovirus rapidly and accurately is crucial towards the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the virus. This can facilitates the control of nosocomial infection and epidemiological monitoring. This article briefly reviews the molecular characteristics, epidemiology, and typing of human adenovirus, aiming to help formulate effective treatments towards HAdV infection in a clinical setting.
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N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A) modification is the most prevalent internal modification of eukaryotic mRNA and is dynamically regulated by a variety of m 6A modifying enzymes, including methylation transferases, demethylases and specific binding proteins. Respiratory viral infections have received much attention in recent years, and the process of virus replication and metabolism in host cells is regulated by m 6A. This article reviews the mechanism of m 6A-regulated enzymes, the roles of m 6A modifications in respiratory viruses replication and the host immune response to viruses, including adenovirus, influenza A virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus. It would provide a reference for exploring the regulatory role of viral episodic transcriptome modifications and antiviral targets or vaccine development.
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Due to long-term use of immunosuppressant, poor immune function and a higher risk of critical diseases after novel coronavirus pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients, it is of significance to deliver prophylactic vaccination for this high-risk population. Studies have shown that the immune reaction of kidney transplant recipients to novel coronavirus vaccine is significantly lower than that of healthy counterparts. Standard vaccination program in the United States, such as 2 doses of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine, fails to provide sufficient protection for kidney transplant recipients. Many studies have proven that increasing the frequency of vaccination for kidney transplant recipients may enhance the vaccine efficacy. Nevertheless, the role of adjusting immunosuppressive therapy in increasing vaccine efficacy remains to be elucidated. In this article, the importance, effectiveness and particularity of novel coronavirus vaccine for kidney transplant recipients and the effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the efficacy of novel coronavirus vaccine were reviewed, aiming to provide reference on the vaccination for kidney transplant recipients.
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Abstract@#Human adenovirus (HAdV), which is characterized by infectivity, complex pathogenesis and multiple target organs, causes multiple organ infections in the respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and eyes, which seriously endangers human health. Various subspecies of HAdV has different tissue tropism, which presents diverse clinical symptoms and epidemiological characteristics. Based on the molecule biological characteristics of HAdV, this review summarizes the clinical symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of HAdV infections depending on tissue tropism, and describes the trends in HAdV epidemiology, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of HAdV infections.
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RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS, TO STRENGTHEN THE EXISTING ADD PROGRAM Original Research Paper Sornajeyanthi P* M.D., Professor, Department of Microbiology, Tirunelveli Medical College, Tirunelveli - 627011, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding Author X 67GJRA - GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS Background: Gastroenteritis in childhood is one of the most prevailing cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Rotavirus is the most common etiological agent among viruses causing gastroenteritis in children below ?ve years. Adenovirus has been evidenced as the second most common cause of childhood gastroenteritis in certain parts of the world. The present study was conducted to estimate the incidence of Rotavirus and Adenovirus among diarrhoeal cases in children under 5 years of age. A total of 40 children younger than 5 years of age Materials and methods: suffering from acute diarrhoea were included in the present study. A total of 40 samples were collected and analyzed for Rotavirus and Adenovirus using commercially available Immunochromatography kit. The prevalence of Rotavirus and Results: Adenovirus was found to be 7.5% and 2.5% respectively among children under ?ve years of age with acute diarrhoeal disease. Conclusion: The disease burden of Rota viral illness has decreased due to increased coverage of Rotavirus vaccination through inclusion in National immunization schedule and thus effective and ef?cient vaccination coverage is fundamental rationale in the process of strengthening of Acute Diarrhoeal Disease(ADD) program